{"id":12007,"date":"2014-10-30T02:44:12","date_gmt":"2014-10-30T00:44:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007"},"modified":"2019-08-12T13:54:29","modified_gmt":"2019-08-12T11:54:29","slug":"development-and-outlook-of-egyptian-aquaculture-production-trade-consumption-institutional-framework","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007","title":{"rendered":"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This lecture has been delivered during October, 2014 as the preliminary lecture in the Fish Culture Development training\u00a0course. This course is annually organized by the \u201cEgyptian International Centre for Agriculture \u2013 EICA\u201d. The purpose of delivering this lecture is to share the Egyptian experience in aquaculture especially in the light of the remarkable development of aquaculture in Egypt. The lecture began with historic information and proceeded with the development till the present. The features of development have been highlighted including farming systems and farmed species. The trade and consumption are also covered. The share of fish production in Egypt in relation to African and global fish production is addressed. Fish imports, exports and available fish consumption are covered in the lecture. Because of the importance of governing regulations, the institutional framework has been addressed. The lecture concluded by key issues of concerns as well as the development outlook in relation to the national strategy of fish production. Farming infrastructures and supporting activities are addressed including fish hatcheries, fish feed mills and others.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/fishconsult.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Development-and-outlook-of-Egyptian-aquaculture-Production-trade-consumption-institutional-framework..pdf\">http:\/\/fishconsult.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Development-and-outlook-of-Egyptian-aquaculture-Production-trade-consumption-institutional-framework..pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This lecture has been delivered during October, 2014 as the preliminary lecture in the Fish Culture Development training\u00a0course. This course is annually organized by the \u201cEgyptian International Centre for Agriculture \u2013 EICA\u201d. The purpose of delivering this lecture is to share the Egyptian experience in aquaculture especially in the light of the remarkable development of &hellip; <\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link btn\" href=\"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007\">Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[17,11,4537,1899],"tags":[484,1188,1452,5508,1154,24,5507,5506,4057,4076,5509,2513],"class_list":["post-12007","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aaelgamal","category-english","category-lectures","category-lectures-and-bites","tag-aquaponic","tag-desert-aquaculture","tag-egypt","tag-feed-industry","tag-fish-production","tag-fish-trade","tag-key-species","tag-main-farming-systems","tag-per-capita-fish-consumption","tag-production-basket","tag-seed-collection","tag-seed-production","item-wrap"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Egypt, fish production, main farming systems, production basket, key species, desert aquaculture, aquaponic, feed industry, seed production, seed collection, fish trade, per capita fish consumption \" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"aelgamal\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.0.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Fish Consulting Group - The Place you Trust\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework) - Fish Consulting Group\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Egypt, fish production, main farming systems, production basket, key species, desert aquaculture, aquaponic, feed industry, seed production, seed collection, fish trade, per capita fish consumption \" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-10-30T00:44:12+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-08-12T11:54:29+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework) - Fish Consulting Group\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Egypt, fish production, main farming systems, production basket, key species, desert aquaculture, aquaponic, feed industry, seed production, seed collection, fish trade, per capita fish consumption \" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"BlogPosting\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?p=12007#blogposting\",\"name\":\"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \\u2013 trade \\u2013 consumption \\u2013 institutional framework) - Fish Consulting Group\",\"headline\":\"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \\u2013 trade \\u2013 consumption \\u2013 institutional framework)\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?author=2#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/#organization\"},\"datePublished\":\"2014-10-30T02:44:12+02:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-08-12T13:54:29+02:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?p=12007#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?p=12007#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"A.A. EL GAMAL, English, Lectures, Lectures and Bites, aquaponic, desert aquaculture, Egypt., feed industry, fish production, fish trade, key species, main farming systems, per capita fish consumption, production basket, seed collection, seed production\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?p=12007#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?cat=9#listItem\",\"name\":\"Language\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?cat=9#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Language\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?cat=9\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?cat=11#listItem\",\"name\":\"English\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org#listItem\",\"name\":\"Home\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?cat=11#listItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"English\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?cat=11\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?p=12007#listItem\",\"name\":\"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \\u2013 trade \\u2013 consumption \\u2013 institutional framework)\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?cat=9#listItem\",\"name\":\"Language\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?p=12007#listItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \\u2013 trade \\u2013 consumption \\u2013 institutional framework)\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?cat=11#listItem\",\"name\":\"English\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Fish Consulting Group\",\"description\":\"The Place you Trust\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?author=2#author\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?author=2\",\"name\":\"aelgamal\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?p=12007#authorImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f781da9aeefac1c1c5966ea93d8a58c040711ea6689b2cbd496c9b37b3c82147?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"aelgamal\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?p=12007#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?p=12007\",\"name\":\"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \\u2013 trade \\u2013 consumption \\u2013 institutional framework) - Fish Consulting Group\",\"description\":\"Egypt, fish production, main farming systems, production basket, key species, desert aquaculture, aquaponic, feed industry, seed production, seed collection, fish trade, per capita fish consumption\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/#website\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?p=12007#breadcrumblist\"},\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?author=2#author\"},\"creator\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/?author=2#author\"},\"datePublished\":\"2014-10-30T02:44:12+02:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-08-12T13:54:29+02:00\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/\",\"name\":\"Fish Consulting Group\",\"description\":\"The Place you Trust\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fishconsult.org\\\/#organization\"}}]}\n\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework) - Fish Consulting Group","description":"Egypt, fish production, main farming systems, production basket, key species, desert aquaculture, aquaponic, feed industry, seed production, seed collection, fish trade, per capita fish consumption ","canonical_url":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007#blogposting","name":"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework) - Fish Consulting Group","headline":"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework)","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?author=2#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/#organization"},"datePublished":"2014-10-30T02:44:12+02:00","dateModified":"2019-08-12T13:54:29+02:00","inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007#webpage"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007#webpage"},"articleSection":"A.A. EL GAMAL, English, Lectures, Lectures and Bites, aquaponic, desert aquaculture, Egypt., feed industry, fish production, fish trade, key species, main farming systems, per capita fish consumption, production basket, seed collection, seed production"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org#listItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=9#listItem","name":"Language"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=9#listItem","position":2,"name":"Language","item":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=9","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=11#listItem","name":"English"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org#listItem","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=11#listItem","position":3,"name":"English","item":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=11","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007#listItem","name":"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework)"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=9#listItem","name":"Language"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007#listItem","position":4,"name":"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework)","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=11#listItem","name":"English"}}]},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/#organization","name":"Fish Consulting Group","description":"The Place you Trust","url":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?author=2#author","url":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?author=2","name":"aelgamal","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007#authorImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f781da9aeefac1c1c5966ea93d8a58c040711ea6689b2cbd496c9b37b3c82147?s=96&d=mm&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"aelgamal"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007#webpage","url":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007","name":"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework) - Fish Consulting Group","description":"Egypt, fish production, main farming systems, production basket, key species, desert aquaculture, aquaponic, feed industry, seed production, seed collection, fish trade, per capita fish consumption","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007#breadcrumblist"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?author=2#author"},"creator":{"@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?author=2#author"},"datePublished":"2014-10-30T02:44:12+02:00","dateModified":"2019-08-12T13:54:29+02:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/","name":"Fish Consulting Group","description":"The Place you Trust","inLanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/#organization"}}]},"og:locale":"en_US","og:site_name":"Fish Consulting Group - The Place you Trust","og:type":"article","og:title":"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework) - Fish Consulting Group","og:description":"Egypt, fish production, main farming systems, production basket, key species, desert aquaculture, aquaponic, feed industry, seed production, seed collection, fish trade, per capita fish consumption ","og:url":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007","article:published_time":"2014-10-30T00:44:12+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-08-12T11:54:29+00:00","twitter:card":"summary_large_image","twitter:title":"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework) - Fish Consulting Group","twitter:description":"Egypt, fish production, main farming systems, production basket, key species, desert aquaculture, aquaponic, feed industry, seed production, seed collection, fish trade, per capita fish consumption "},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"12007","title":"","description":"Egypt, fish production, main farming systems, production basket, key species, desert aquaculture, aquaponic, feed industry, seed production, seed collection, fish trade, per capita fish consumption\u00a0","keywords":[{"label":"Egypt","value":"Egypt"},{"label":"fish production","value":"fish production"},{"label":"main farming systems","value":"main farming systems"},{"label":"production basket","value":"production basket"},{"label":"key species","value":"key species"},{"label":"desert aquaculture","value":"desert aquaculture"},{"label":"aquaponic","value":"aquaponic"},{"label":"feed industry","value":"feed industry"},{"label":"seed production","value":"seed production"},{"label":"seed collection","value":"seed collection"},{"label":"fish trade","value":"fish trade"},{"label":"per capita fish consumption\u00a0","value":"per capita fish consumption\u00a0"}],"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":"default","schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"ai":null,"created":"2023-08-20 19:34:25","updated":"2025-06-04 20:27:23","seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=9\" title=\"Language\">Language<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=11\" title=\"English\">English<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\tDevelopment and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework)\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org"},{"label":"Language","link":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=9"},{"label":"English","link":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?cat=11"},{"label":"Development and outlook of Egyptian aquaculture (Production \u2013 trade \u2013 consumption \u2013 institutional framework)","link":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/?p=12007"}],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1NIq6-37F","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12007","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12007"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12007\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15043,"href":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12007\/revisions\/15043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12007"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12007"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fishconsult.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12007"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}