Water wheels which were traditionally in use in agriculture are used in the present to lift water required to some fish farms in Egypt and some other countries. Based on water wheels users, it is claimed that water wheels are efficient in lifting water and also more durable with less incidences of breakdowns and operation maintenance.
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![Water wheel in a fish farm](https://i0.wp.com/fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Water-wheel-in-a-fish-farm-300x225.jpg?resize=300%2C225)
![Water wheel in afish farm (2)](https://i0.wp.com/fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Water-wheel-in-afish-farm-2-300x184.jpg?resize=300%2C184)
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In many situations, axial flow pumps in fish farms have been found more suited for low heads and higher discharges which would ultimately enhance farm economics.
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![Axial flow pump in a fish farm](https://i0.wp.com/fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Axial-flow-pump-in-a-fish-farm-300x193.jpg?resize=300%2C193)
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The most effective way of exchanging water is to first drain the desired amount of the water from the pond bottom. This effectively removes the poorest quality water and detritus which accumulates at the bottom of the pond.
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![Bottom draining is considered during fish pond construction](https://i0.wp.com/fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Bottom-draining-is-considered-during-fish-pond-construction-300x202.jpg?resize=300%2C202)
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If a fish farmer has to choose whether filling or draining a fish pond by gravity, the choice usually is gravity draining. In general and wherever possible, the use of pumping systems in pond draining is not recommended keeping in mind that pond drainage often takes place while fish harvest and any failure in pumping system could lead to harvesting problems and subsequent economic loss.
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![Gravity drainage in a fish pond](https://i0.wp.com/fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Gravity-drainage-in-a-fish-pond-300x225.jpg?resize=300%2C225)
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This project proposal has been developed by a group of trainees who participated in the Integrated Rural Development training course in 2009. This course is annually hosted by the Egyptian International Centre for Agriculture (EICA). This project proposal in its rationality and objectives focuses more on social issues such as employment and nutrition in rural areas. The integration models included in the project highlighted the value of integrated models in diversifying farm production. The three chosen systems are rice-fish, fish-vegetables and duck-fish culture. The action plan of the project includes farm trial, extension activities and training to prospective beneficiaries. The budgets for project components have been included.
[important]Integrated agriculture aquaculture in rural development[/important]
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The photo shows egg stripping which is a phase of the induced reproduction of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). This female has been induced for spawning using the pituitary gland extract. The photo shows the egg stripping after the ovulation. Note how eggs are free flowing without clumps or blood. Eggs are obtained through stripping using soft pressure. Collected eggs should be immediately fertilized by the milt obtained through pressing out the testis obtained from sacrificied male.
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![Stripping African catfish ovulating female](https://i0.wp.com/fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Stripping-African-catfish-ovulating-female1-300x225.jpg?resize=300%2C225)
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Unlike many fish species, the sperm can only be obtained by sacrificing a male of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Testis is dissected and cut into small pieces whereas the milt used in egg fertilization will be obtained through pressing pieces of the testis out.
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[important]
[/important]
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Determining the spawning readiness of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) female is assessed based on the softness of female abdomen as shown one photo. Female ovulation could be judged based on the release of few eggs under slight pressure. Females are watched for ovulation and should be stripped and eggs fertilized.
Note: We decided not to watermark the photos in order not to upset its clarity. However, we trust you will seek our permission if you wish to use a picture or more. This will be appreciated.
![Spawning readiness of African catfish female (soft abdomen)](https://i0.wp.com/fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Spawning-readiness-of-African-catfish-female-soft-abdomen-300x225.jpg?resize=300%2C225)
![Spawning readiness of African catfish female (egg release)](https://i0.wp.com/fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Spawning-readiness-of-African-catfish-female-egg-release-300x225.jpg?resize=300%2C225)
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Pituitary gland extract is used in induced reproduction of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). In order for the pituitary extract to be effective, donor fish should be sexually mature whether male or female. Also, the extraction of pituitary gland is preferred to be close to or within the spawning season.
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![The pituitary gland of African catfish.](https://i0.wp.com/fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/The-pituitary-gland-of-African-catfish.-300x225.jpg?resize=300%2C225)
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![african-catfish-male](https://i0.wp.com/fishconsult.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/African-catfish-male-300x202.png?resize=300%2C202)
This photo shows clearly the projection of the male genital papilla of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
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